Action Research	Participatory Research
Actors	Researchers Client Systems	Researchers Client Groups Established Authorities Third-Party Funders
Resources and Authority	Researchers Provide: research expertise	Researchers Provide: research expertise political awareness
	Client Groups Provide: sanction insights information	Client Groups Provide: information energy insights
		Established Authorities Provide: sanction power funds and rewards
		Third-Party Funders Provide: funds protection
Impacts on Phases
1. Problem Definition	Shared by researchers and client systems Benefits provided to whole system Resources and sanction from system leaders	Controlled by client group Benefits provided to client group Resources received from clients or extracted from system
2. Data Collection and Analysis	Collaborative with whole system Iteration to system-wide shared diagnosis	Collaborative with clients; adversarial with authorities Iteration to educate and mobilize client groups
3. Uses of Results	Systematic consensus on goals of intervention Problem solving with systemic benefits	Client consensus on goals of intervention Negotiations to improve client situation